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My first dosage of this may not be the best display of this supplement's effectiveness. I had a long week and took it on low sleep during a day filled with sugar and junk food. Nonetheless I did notice modest reductions in: frustration, irritability, anger, and I also had increased willingness to work. Round two was better. I noticed the benefits that I was expecting and I can say that Phoenix does everything it claims to. Because of finals week I didn't have a chance to fully delve into the research but I wanted to at least post something. In a few weeks when everything calms down I will keep going.
One goal of Phoenix is to utilize the synergistic effect of the supplements to bolster norepinephrine production and function, specifically in the brain. Norepinephrine has been shown to enhance memory through enabling synaptic plasticity (12). What that means is your brain has the tools it needs to help you remember stuff.
"The effects of choline on hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and antioxidative status in human hepatic C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates"
This is a heavy article. DNA methylation modifications, mRNA expression of the critical genes and their enzyme activities involved in hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates, are among the things discussed in this article (1). What this is basically dealing with is how well the cell functions as a whole. The hepatic (liver) cells in this study were exposed to high levels of energy substrates (basically what happens to our livers when we eat a big Mac, side of fries, and a milkshake). Choline protected the cell from early death by favorably impacting concentrations of the initially mentioned substances. Choline is found naturally in a lot of foods: eggs, beef, fish, turkey, chicken, but is usually supplemented to reach desired concentrations (much like creatine).
Foods naturally high in choline: Nutritiondata.com
GABA
This is a neurotransmitter that has a wide range of functions throughout the body (9). Deficiencies in this chemical lead to all sorts of issues (4). "These observations demonstrate H+/GABA symport and suggest that this transport mechanism may be accessible as a route for oral absorption of therapeutically-useful GABA analogues." (10) This is good news for us because we can supplement with GABA to attenuate or eradicate insufficiency symptoms.
L-Dopa
This is a derivative of L-Tyrosine.
L-Tyrosine
Ltdlabs sent me a link to examine.com which lays out what's going on with L-Tyrosine (10). This website is awesome and backs up everything they say with research. I also did a quick search and I found another article confirming the absorption of L-Tyrosine via the intestines (11). L-Tyrosine improves cognition, subjective well-being, and working memory (10). It decreases stress and could potentially lower blood pressure.
5-HTP
1 Zhu, Jie, et al. "The effects of choline on hepatic lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function and antioxidative status in human hepatic C3A cells exposed to excessive energy substrates." Nutrients 6.7 (2014): 2552-2571.
2 Uma, Sundaram, and Parameswaran Gurumoorthi. "Dietary antioxidant activities in different germplasms of Mucuna." Journal of medicinal food 16.7 (2013): 618-624.
3 Yadav, Satyndra Kumar, et al. "Mucuna pruriens seed extract reduces oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in paraquat-induced Parkinsonian mouse model." Neurochemistry International 62.8 (2013): 1039-1047.
4 GABA
5 Choline
6 Global Healing Center
7 L-Tyrosine
8 Tully, Keith, and Vadim Y. Bolshakov. "Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity." Molecular brain 3.1 (2010): 1.
9 Watanabe M, Maemura K, Kanbara K, Tamayama T, Hayasaki H (2002). "GABA and GABA receptors in the central nervous system and other organs". In Jeon KW. Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology 213. pp. 1–47. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(02)13011-7. ISBN 978-0-12-364617-0. PMID 11837891.
10 Thwaites, David T., et al. "Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport across human intestinal epithelial (Caco‐2) cell monolayers." British journal of pharmacology 129.3 (2000): 457-464.
10 examine.com
11 Glaeser, Bruce S., et al. "Elevation of plasma tyrosine after a single oral dose of L-tyrosine." Life sciences 25.3 (1979): 265-271.
12 Tully, Keith, and Vadim Y. Bolshakov. "Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity." Molecular brain 3.1 (2010): 1.
2 Uma, Sundaram, and Parameswaran Gurumoorthi. "Dietary antioxidant activities in different germplasms of Mucuna." Journal of medicinal food 16.7 (2013): 618-624.
3 Yadav, Satyndra Kumar, et al. "Mucuna pruriens seed extract reduces oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in paraquat-induced Parkinsonian mouse model." Neurochemistry International 62.8 (2013): 1039-1047.
4 GABA
5 Choline
6 Global Healing Center
7 L-Tyrosine
8 Tully, Keith, and Vadim Y. Bolshakov. "Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity." Molecular brain 3.1 (2010): 1.
9 Watanabe M, Maemura K, Kanbara K, Tamayama T, Hayasaki H (2002). "GABA and GABA receptors in the central nervous system and other organs". In Jeon KW. Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology 213. pp. 1–47. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(02)13011-7. ISBN 978-0-12-364617-0. PMID 11837891.
10 Thwaites, David T., et al. "Gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transport across human intestinal epithelial (Caco‐2) cell monolayers." British journal of pharmacology 129.3 (2000): 457-464.
10 examine.com
11 Glaeser, Bruce S., et al. "Elevation of plasma tyrosine after a single oral dose of L-tyrosine." Life sciences 25.3 (1979): 265-271.
12 Tully, Keith, and Vadim Y. Bolshakov. "Emotional enhancement of memory: how norepinephrine enables synaptic plasticity." Molecular brain 3.1 (2010): 1.